Federal Subjects constitute the second-tier administrative division of the Russian Federation, comprising 80 distinct territorial units including republics, krais, oblasts, autonomous okrugs, federal cities, and one autonomous oblast. These entities function as constituent members of the federation with their own constitutions or charters, legislative assemblies, and executive bodies headed by governors or presidents. Federal Subjects hold jurisdiction over matters not explicitly reserved for federal authority, including regional economic development, education, healthcare, cultural affairs, and local infrastructure. They collect regional taxes, maintain their own budgets, and coordinate the activities of lower-level municipal governments within their territories. While federal law takes precedence, these subjects possess varying degrees of autonomy, with republics historically granted additional rights such as establishing official languages alongside Russian.