Colombia's 1,121 municipalities constitute the second and final level of administrative division in the country's territorial structure. Municipalities serve as the primary local government units responsible for delivering essential public services to their communities, including water supply, sanitation, local infrastructure maintenance, primary healthcare facilities, and public education. Each municipality operates through an elected mayor (alcalde) and municipal council (concejo municipal), which exercise administrative and legislative authority within their jurisdictions. Municipalities manage local budgets, urban planning, land use regulations, and the implementation of national policies at the community level. They range significantly in size and population, from small rural municipalities with a few thousand residents to major urban centers like Bogotá, which functions as both the capital district and a municipality with millions of inhabitants.